Fuel conservation systems and methods

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are described for conserving fuel used by an engine. In some embodiments a control module processes a user-provided input, as a first function, into a second function. The second function can be used to direct the engine with a directive output power. The directive output power may have regions equal to, greater than, and/or less than what the power output would be if the engine were controlled using the user-provided input.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/742,676, entitled “Fuel Conservation Systems andMethods,” filed on Jan. 16, 2013, which is a continuation application ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/163,652, entitled “Fuel ConservationSystems and Methods,” filed on Jun. 17, 2011, which is now U.S. Pat. No.8,380,421, issued on Feb. 19, 2013, which is a continuation applicationof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/497,507, entitled “FuelConservation Systems and Methods,” filed on Jul. 2, 2009, which is nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,983,830, issued on Jul. 19, 2011 and which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/078,281,entitled “Fuel Conservation Systems and Methods,” filed on Jul. 3, 2008,each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety forall purposes.

FIELD

Embodiments of the disclosure generally relate to engines and, inparticular, fuel conservation systems and methods for engines.

BACKGROUND

Fossil fuels allow for production and delivery of food and productsworldwide. From cargo ships to diesel locomotives, tractor-trailers, andthe everyday automobile, the world runs on combustible gas, andtypically fossil fuel. As nations move toward securing prosperity fortheir people, as attempts are made for an increased standard of living,as machines of industry continue to produce articles of need and want,the market for oil steadily grows. Gas prices will continue to rise ifdemand depletes oil reserves. A rise in fuel costs comes with staggeringconsequences, including a corresponding rise in the cost to make anddeliver food and products. Many rational observers argue that thesafety, security, and well-being of entire generations hangs at aprecipice of near-total reliance upon fossil fuels.

Internal combustion engines depend upon the availability of fossilfuels. The first internal combustion engine was perhaps contemplated byAl-Jazari in 1206. In The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious MechanicalDevices, he described a reciprocating pump and crankshaft device.Leonardo da Vinci described a compressionless engine in the 16thcentury. A patent for an internal combustion engine for industrialapplications was granted to Samuel Brown in 1823. A modern search ofpatents and patent applications reveals a proliferation of interest inthe field of internal combustion engines, yet another metric useful fordescribing the demands that are pressing in from all sides, causing theprice of gas to reach astronomical heights.

SUMMARY

In accordance with certain embodiments, a fuel conservation system andmethod for internal combustion engines is provided. In certainembodiments the fuel conservation system and method may apply to acruise control module, a programmable logic controller, and/or an enginecontrol unit. Certain embodiments may dampen and/or cut fuel delivery toan internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments an electric motormay substantially maintain a horsepower or torque output of an internalcombustion engine when reducing, moderating, tapering, oscillating,cycling, cutting and/or dampening fuel delivery to an internalcombustion engine. Certain embodiments may be selectively tunable, andmay include a feedback loop to display information relative to thepossibility of and/or achievement of fuel savings. Certain embodimentsof the inventions may include a user-selectable override, causing theinternal combustion engine to make available, on demand from a user, thegreatest amount of output power possible from the engine.

In a certain embodiment, a method is provided for conserving fuel usedby an engine. The method includes receiving as an input to an enginepower module a first function comprising a user-specified power outputof an engine over a time duration. In certain embodiments, the input maycome from an accelerator pedal or throttle position. In certainembodiments, the time duration may be instantaneous. The method includesprocessing the first function into a second function comprising adirective power output of the engine over the time duration. The secondfunction has at least one region of equal or increased engine poweroutput relative to the user-specified engine power output, and thesecond function also has at least one region of decreased engine poweroutput relative to the user-specified engine power output, so that, ifthe engine outputs power equal to the directive power output of theengine over the time duration, the engine consumes less fuel than theengine would have consumed if the engine outputted power equal to theuser-specified power output of the engine over the time duration. Themethod includes outputting, to an engine control module, the secondfunction, such that the engine outputs power according to the directivepower output of the engine over the time duration.

In a certain embodiment, the method includes displaying to a user anindication of a possibility or achievement of fuel savings by the engineif the engine outputs power according to the directive power output ofthe engine. In a certain embodiment, the method includes providing anactuator that permits the user to override the fuel savings. In acertain embodiment, the method includes the aspect of the input to theengine power module including a cruise-control setting by a user. In acertain embodiment, the method includes the aspect of the user-specifiedpower output of the engine being based on a cruise-control setting by auser. In a certain embodiment, the method includes supplementing anoutput of the engine with output generated by an electric motor whilethe engine outputs power according to the directive power output of theengine. In a certain embodiment, the method includes supplementing apower output of the engine with power from an electric motor while theengine outputs power according to the directive power output of theengine. In a certain embodiment, the method includes processing thesecond function for smoothness. In a certain embodiment, the methodincludes supplementing a power output of the engine with power from amotor different from the engine while the engine outputs power accordingto the directive power output of the engine. In a certain embodiment,the processing of the first function into the second function includesapplication of a transform T, such that F₂(n)=T F₁(n), where F₂ is thesecond function; F₁ is the first function; n is an ordered index numberof an nth discrete sample, where nε{0, 1, 2, . . . ∞}; and wherein Tcomprises (ke^(−2πiΩ(n-d))−Z), where k is a constant; e is anexponential; i is the imaginary number √{square root over (−1)}; Ω is afrequency of cycles per sample interval (e.g., the time interval betweenthe nth and the n+1th sample); Z is a constant; and d is a delayconstant.

In a certain embodiment, an engine control system includes means forreceiving, as an input, a first function comprising a user-specifiedpower output of an engine over a time duration. In some embodiments, thesystem includes means for processing the first function into a secondfunction comprising a directive power output of the engine over the timeduration. The system includes the second function having at least oneregion of equal or increased engine power output relative to theuser-specified engine power output, and at least one region of decreasedengine power output relative to the user-specified engine power output,such that, if the engine outputs power equal to the directive poweroutput of the engine over the time duration, the engine consumes lessfuel than the engine would have consumed if the engine outputted powerequal to the user-specified power output of the engine over the timeduration. The system includes means for outputting, to an engine controlmodule, the second function, such that the engine outputs poweraccording to the directive power output of the engine over the timeduration.

In a certain embodiment, the system includes means for informing theuser of a possibility or achievement of fuel saving by the engine if theengine outputs power according to the directive power output of theengine. In a certain embodiment, the system includes means forsupplementing an output of the engine with output generated by a motordifferent from the engine during outputting of the second function. In acertain embodiment, the motor comprises an electric motor. In a certainembodiment, the system includes the aspect that the input comprises acruise-control setting by a user. In a certain embodiment, the systemincludes the aspect that the user-specified power output of the engineis based on a cruise-control setting by a user. In a certain embodiment,the system includes means for outputting the second function for aduration of time greater than a duration of time that the input is inputto the means for receiving. In a certain embodiment, the system includesmeans for processing the second function for smoothness. In a certainembodiment, the system includes means for supplementing an output of theengine with output generated by a motor different from the engine duringoutputting of the second function. In a certain embodiment the systemincludes an electric motor. In a certain embodiment, the means forprocessing the first function into the second function comprisesapplication of a transform T, such that F₂(n)=T F₁(n), where F₂ is thesecond function; F₁ is the first function; and n is an ordered indexnumber of an nth discrete sample, where nε{0, 1, 2, . . . ∞}, andwherein T comprises (ke^(−2πiΩ(n-d))−Z), where, where k is a constant; eis an exponential; i is the imaginary number √{square root over (−1)}; Ωis a frequency in cycles per sample interval; Z is a constant; and d isa delay constant.

In a certain embodiment, an engine control system includes a processingmodule that couples to an engine, the processing module configured toreceive a first function comprising a user-specified power output of theengine over a time duration, and to process the first function into asecond function comprising a directive power output of the engine overthe time duration. The second function has at least one region of equalor increased engine power output and at least one region of decreasedengine power output, relative to the user-specified engine power output,such that, if the engine outputs power equal to the directive poweroutput of the engine over the time duration, the engine consumes lessfuel than the engine would have consumed if the engine outputted powerequal to the user-specified power output of the engine over the timeduration. The system includes providing the second function to an enginecontrol module, such that the engine outputs power according to thedirective power output of the engine over the time duration.

In a certain embodiment, the system includes an information moduleconfigured to inform a user of a possibility or achievement of fuelsaving by the engine if the engine outputs power according to thedirective power output of the engine. In a certain embodiment, thesystem includes an override switch configured to allow a user to selectan override of the fuel savings. In a certain embodiment, the systemincludes the aspect that the user-specified power output of the engineis based on a cruise-control setting by a user. In a certain embodiment,the system includes the aspect that the second function is processed forsmoothness. In a certain embodiment, the system includes a generatorthat supplements an output of the engine. In a certain embodiment, thegenerator comprises an electrical generator. In a certain embodiment,the generator comprises a motor. In a certain embodiment, the processingthe first function into the second function includes application of atransform T, such that F₂(n)=T F₁(n), where F₂ is the second function;F₁ is the first function; and n is an ordered index number of an nthdiscrete sample, where nε{0, 1, 2, . . . ∞}, and wherein T comprises(ke^(−2πiΩ(n-d))−Z), where k is a constant; e is an exponential; i isthe imaginary number √{square root over (−1)}; Ω is a frequency incycles per sample interval; Z is a constant; and d is a delay constant.

In a certain embodiment, a method is provided for conserving fuel usedby an engine. The method includes receiving as an input to an enginepower module a first function comprising a user-specified power outputof an engine over a time duration. The method includes using acomputer-executable instruction to process the first function into asecond function comprising a directive power output of the engine overthe time duration. The second function has at least one region of equalor increased engine power output relative to the user-specified enginepower output, and the second function also has at least one region ofdecreased engine power output relative to the user-specified enginepower output, so that, if the engine outputs power equal to thedirective power output of the engine over the time duration, the engineconsumes less fuel than the engine would have consumed if the engineoutputted power equal to the user-specified power output of the engineover the time duration. The method includes outputting, to an enginecontrol module, the second function, such that the engine outputs poweraccording to the directive power output of the engine over the timeduration.

In a certain embodiment, an engine control system includes a processingmodule that couples to an engine, the processing module configured toreceive a first function comprising a user-specified power output of theengine over a time duration, and uses a computer-executable instructionto process the first function into a second function comprising adirective power output of the engine over the time duration. The secondfunction has at least one region of equal or increased engine poweroutput and at least one region of decreased engine power output,relative to the user-specified engine power output, such that, if theengine outputs power equal to the directive power output of the engineover the time duration, the engine consumes less fuel than the enginewould have consumed if the engine outputted power equal to theuser-specified power output of the engine over the time duration. Thesystem includes providing the second function to an engine controlmodule, such that the engine outputs power according to the directivepower output of the engine over the time duration.

In the following description, reference is made to the accompanyingattachment that forms a part thereof, and in which are shown by way ofillustration specific embodiments in which the inventions may bepracticed. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilizedand changes may be made without departing from the scope of the presentinventions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The inventions, both to their organization and manner of operation, maybe further understood by reference to the drawings that include FIGS. 1through 7B taken in connection with the following descriptions:

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a certain embodiment;

FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of a certain embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a graph that is useful for describing certain embodimentsincluding efficiency against engine speed;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram useful for describing certain embodiments;

FIG. 4A is a graph that is useful for describing certain embodiments;

FIG. 4B is a graph that is useful for describing certain embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a graph that is useful for describing certain embodimentsincluding the application of a directive power output over time incomparison to a user-supplied input;

FIG. 6A is a graph that is useful for describing certain embodimentsincluding application of a directive power output over time incomparison to a user-supplied input;

FIG. 6B is a graph that is useful for describing certain embodimentsincluding application of a directive power output over time incomparison to a user-supplied input;

FIG. 7A is a graph that is useful for describing certain embodimentsincluding application of a directive power output over time incomparison to a user-supplied input; and

FIG. 7B is a graph that is useful for describing certain embodimentsincluding application of a directive power output over time incomparison to a user-supplied input.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The following description of illustrative non-limiting embodimentsdiscloses specific configurations and components. However, theembodiments are merely examples of the present inventions, and thus, thespecific features described below are merely used to describe suchembodiments to provide an overall understanding of the inventions. Oneskilled in the art readily recognizes that the present inventions arenot limited to the specific embodiments described below. Furthermore,certain descriptions of various configurations and components of thepresent inventions that are known to one skilled in the art are omittedfor the sake of clarity and brevity. Further, while the term“embodiment” may be used to describe certain aspects of the inventions,the term “embodiment” should not be construed to mean that those aspectsdiscussed apply merely to that embodiment, but that all aspects or someaspects of the disclosed inventions may apply to all embodiments, orsome embodiments.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an embodiment including internalcombustion engine system 10. In certain embodiments the system 10 mayinclude both a hybrid-electrical portion and an internal combustionengine portion. The system 10 is configured for low fuel consumption andemissions. As shown in the figure, internal combustion engine 12 ispowered by a fuel supply 14. While an electric motor generator (EMG) 16is shown as coupled to engine 12, certain embodiments do not require EMG16, and in those embodiments engine 12 is coupled to CVT or multispeedtransmission 24. In certain embodiments, electric motors such as EMG 16may be coupled into a drive system such as system 10 in different ways.For example, electric motors may be directly coupled to wheels 34 inaccordance with certain embodiments.

In certain embodiments, engine 12 is coupled to at least one of EMG 16and CVT/multispeed transmission 24 with either a clutch 18 or othercoupling device, such as a torque converter. EMG 16 is powered bybattery 20 (that may include a capacitor), and battery energy iscontrolled with E/MG controller 22. E/MG controller 22 controls theextent of power output torque T_(m) generated by EMG 16. At certainpoints along a torque T_(e) power curve (for instance, one of the powercurves shown in FIG. 2 as C1-C1, C2-C2, or C3-C3), E/MG controller 22controls EMG 16, as instructed by control computer 36 via E/MG torquesignal 42, to either produce additional electrical motor torque T_(m),to reduce a total amount of electrical motor torque T_(m), or to stopproducing electrical motor torque T_(m).

In certain embodiments, control computer 36 comprises a processingmodule, and as such may be implemented in either of software means orhardware means. For example, control computer 36 may be a programmablelogic controller, a computer comprised of chips and circuits along withfirmware and/or software, or an integrated chip containing softwareinstructions for performing the processing described herein. In eitherexample the control computer 36 is in communicative connection withinternal combustion engine system 10, as one of skill in the art wouldcomprehend and as described herein.

In certain embodiments, EMG 16 may be coupled to a continuously variabletransmission (CVT) or multispeed transmission 24 which receives, at itsinput, at least one of engine 12 torque (T_(e)) and electric motor 16torque (T_(m)) 26. CVT 24 turns a drive shaft 28. Drive shaft 28 iscoupled to final drive 30 which turns axle 32 and which is coupled towheels 34. Thus, at least one of T_(e) and T_(m) causes the wheels 34 toturn. Control computer 36 sets control parameters and monitors theoverall operation of the system 10, including control of fuel 14 to theengine 12 via engine throttle control signal 38. While “throttle”typically indicates a carburetor device, one of skill in the art wouldunderstand that any controlled input could be used to deliver fuel 14 toengine 12, such as fuel injection, microspray, and/or ultrasonicatomizing. In certain embodiments, fuel 14 may be any type ofcombustible fuel including a liquid such as gasoline, gasohol, bio-fuel,or a compressed gas, such as hydrogen, propane, or methane.

Control parameters within control of control computer 36 may include, inaddition to engine throttle control signal 38, shift of ratio rate (rateof change ratio) 40 for the CVT or multispeed transmission 24, and E/MGtorque parameters 42 for E/MG controller 22. Operational characteristicsthat may be monitored include ratio 44 of the CVT or multispeedtransmission 24, engine speed (S_(e)) 46, depth of discharge (DOD) 48for the battery, as provided by battery monitoring system 50, vehiclespeed 52, and driver input 54 (e.g., accelerator/brake pedal motion).Battery monitoring system 50 may be a computer, or may be controlled bya programmable logic controller (PLC), or other monitoring/controldevice as may be selected by one of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, CVT 24 may smooth engine oscillations. Forexample, when engine 12 has variations in RPMs that are significantenough to be felt by a driver, CVT 24 may change its shift of ratio rateto compensate. That is, the CVT 24 may change its shift of ratio rate sothat the variation in engine RPM speed is either not felt or is feltless by a driver.

In certain embodiments, driver input 54 includes at least a firstfunction that comprises a directive power torque T_(e) output over atime duration. Driver input 54 need not be provided by a human driver,but nonetheless may be an input such as a depressed acceleration pedalor brake pedal, or it may be an input from a cruise control module, or apre-determined input, or a patterned input that may be based upon arecent history of the internal combustion engine system 10, or anexpected usage pattern. The input 54 is provided to control computer 36.Engine torque (T_(e)) 56 is measured at control computer 36 via enginetorque feedback loop 55. Engine torque T_(e) is a function of forceapplied to a crankshaft of engine 12 and as felt at clutch or couplingdevice 18.

In certain embodiments, control computer 36 is configured to have accessto a memory (either internal or external to control computer 36) thatincludes knowledge of engine 12 parameters. Engine 12 parametersincludes at least knowledge of expected torque T_(e) for engine 12including knowledge of T_(e) along a power curve and selected orselectable zones of efficiency within the power curve. Engine 12parameters may include further knowledge, such as cubic inches ofchamber space available for ignition of fuel 14, type of required orsuggested fuel 14, shape of the ignition chambers, compression ratios ofignition chambers, friction coefficients, and optimum thermal dynamics.

FIG. 1B illustrates engine 12, EMG 16, battery 20 and CVT/multispeedtransmission 24 according to some embodiments. EMG 16 may comprise oneor more alternators and one or more electric motors. Battery 20 maycomprise one or more batteries and one or more capacitors. Thealternator of EMG 16 may convert the mechanical energy produced byengine 12 into electrical energy. This electrical energy may charge thebattery and/or the capacitor. The capacitor can be useful because thebattery may not always be able to charge sufficiently fast enough,especially when a lot of electrical energy (e.g., current) is produced.In such a case, the electrical energy may be lost, thus causing generalefficiency to decrease and also causing the loss of energy which couldhave been applied to supplementing fuel energy from fuel consumption.According to certain embodiments, having one or more capacitors maymitigate this problem. The capacitor may charge and discharge veryquickly compared to the battery. The charge from the capacitor may beused later to charge the battery or may be used to power an electricmotor (e.g., EMG 16) which may supplement the engine's output. Forexample, the capacitor may be about one to two Farads. Multiplecapacitors may be used. In some embodiments, the battery may be inparallel to the capacitor. In some embodiments, the battery may be inseries with the capacitor. The stored electrical energy from battery 20may be applied to the electric motor.

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating maximum efficiency for various internalcombustion engines along power curves C1-C1, C2-C2, and C3-C3.Efficiency is shown along the y axis, and speed is shown along the xaxis. Each of power curves C1-C1, C2-C2, and C3-C3 are examples ofdifferent internal combustion engines and their relative efficiencies inview of torque and revolving speed S_(e). Each internal combustionengine has an initial speed and torque output that begins at zero. SpeedS_(e) increases as a result of the amount of force (T_(e)) applied to acrankshaft. The amount of force (T_(e)) begins at a low point, hits apeak, and then descends across a spectrum of speed. That is, at a speedS_(e) just above zero and progressing towards a faster revolving enginespeed, force T_(e) initially approaches and then reaches maximumefficiency as shown by points A1, A2, and A3 for respective powercurves, C1-C1, C2-C2, and C3-C3. Prior to reaching points A1, A2, andA3, the internal combustion engine reaches a zone of efficiency atpoints A1 _(i), A2 _(i), and A3 _(i), respectively.

A zone of efficiency for many vehicles with internal combustion enginesincludes a revolving speed S_(e) that equates to a vehicle speed ofabout 45 to 60 miles per hour. As one of skill in the art wouldunderstand, vehicle speed in terms of miles per hour depends upon manyfactors in addition to torque T_(e) and revolving speed S_(e), such asweight of the vehicle and load (if any) in addition to vehicle weight,aerodynamics, transmission ratio, and incline or decline of pathtraveled.

Individual zones of efficiency A1 _(i)-A1 _(ii), A2 _(i)-A2 _(ii), andA3 _(i)-A3 _(ii) reach a maximum point of efficiency A1, A2, and A3,respectively, and then as revolving speed S_(e) continues to increase,overall efficiency at points A1 _(ii), A2 _(ii), and A3 _(ii), hasreached a point of diminishing returns—that is, any increase in fuel 14provided to engine 12 past points A1 _(ii), A2 _(ii), and A3 _(ii)results in less and less torque T_(e) as far as gains in revolutions perminute, or speed S_(e) is concerned. There may be multiple zones ofefficiency for individual power curves, for example, a preferred zone, asecondary zone, and a tertiary zone. For purposes of clarity, FIG. 2illustrates a preferred zone of efficiency, for example, A1 _(i)-A1_(ii), as an aspect of certain embodiments.

According to some embodiments, efficiency may be represented as:

${Efficiency} = {\frac{Output}{Input} = \frac{Work}{{Work} + {Energy}_{Loss}}}$

Thus, efficiency may be determined in terms of the ratio between theamount of energy going to work and the amount of energy going to workplus any energy that is lost. Energy loss may come from a variety ofsources, for example, heat loss and loss of electrical energy because ofinefficiencies with battery charging. In certain embodiments, efficiencycan be improved by reducing the energy loss.

As noted previously, input 54 shown in FIG. 1A includes a user-specifiedpower output as a first function for engine 12 over a time duration. Byway of example, a user-specified power output may be provided when auser depresses an accelerator pedal or engages a cruise control module.Control computer 36 takes the first function and processes the firstfunction into a second function. The second function comprises adirective power output T_(e) of engine 12 for a time duration and thesecond function may be delivered to engine 12 via engine throttle signal38. The second function may include both a region of equal or increasedpower output and a region of decreased power output in relation to thefirst function. That is, the second function represents a modifiedversion of the first function after having undergone further processing.

For example, in a certain embodiment, the second function is derivedfrom the first function after having been processed with an algorithm,for instance:P _(d)=(F _(2reg1) +F _(2reg2) ≈F ₁), where

-   -   P_(d)=directive power output;    -   F_(2reg1)=a region of equal or increased engine power output        relative to a user-specified power output F₁(F_(2reg1)≧F₁); and    -   F_(2reg2)=a region of decreased engine power output relative to        the user-specified power output F₁(F_(2reg2)<F₁).

In a certain embodiment, a driver depresses a gas pedal. The depressedgas pedal provides an input 54 to control computer 36. (Input 54 may beanother input, such as a cruise control input.) Control computer 36 isaware of engine speed S_(e) 46 and also has access to a memory (notshown in FIG. 1A) that is either internal or external to computer 36.The memory includes at least knowledge of expected torque T_(e) forengine 12 including knowledge of T_(e) along a power curve and selectedor selectable zones of efficiency within the power curve. For example,in certain embodiments, the memory includes knowledge of power curveC1-C1 and a preferred zone of efficiency A1 _(i)-A1 _(ii). Controlcomputer 36 also receives as an input the feedback loop signal 55 forengine torque T_(e).

With knowledge of the information of the engine's (element 12's) powercurve C1-C1, the preferred zone of efficiency A1 _(i)-A1 _(ii), and withthe engine torque T_(e) signal 56, control computer 36 is configured toprocess driver input 54, and to produce a second function from driverinput 54. The second function includes a region where engine power T_(e)may be equal or increased when revolving speed S_(e) is presently lessthan point A1 _(ii) on power curve C1-C1. The second function alsoincludes a region of decreased power where engine revolving speed S_(e)is presently greater than point A1 _(ii) on power curve C1-C1. During aregion of equal or increased power, control computer 36 may instructengine 12 using engine throttle signal 38 to provide additionalquantities of fuel 14 to an internal combustion chamber. During a regionof decreased power, control computer 36 may instruct engine 12 usingengine throttle signal 38 to lessen quantities of fuel 14 to an internalcombustion chamber.

In certain embodiments, control computer 36 is configured to oscillatefuel delivery instructions to engine 12 multiple times over a timeduration. For example, the control computer 36 may swing back and forthbetween instructing engine 12 to provide additional quantities of fuel14, and instructing engine 12 to lessen quantities of fuel 14 to aninternal combustion chamber. During such fuel oscillation, when theengine torque T_(e) and engine speed S_(e) is below point A1 _(ii), andthe driver input (or other signal such as a cruise control input) 54indicates, for example, a depressed acceleration pedal, the instructionto provide additional quantities of fuel 14 will occur over a greaterduration during a specified time duration than will the instruction tolessen quantities of fuel 14.

In some embodiments, the overall result during such fuel oscillation isthat less fuel is consumed during a time duration than if the engineeither had proceeded with a wide-open throttle, or had proceeded withonly continuing periods of additional and unrestricted fuel consumption.In some embodiments, the overall result during such fuel oscillation isthat less fuel is consumed during a time duration than in a drive systemwithout system 10. In certain embodiments, oscillation of the fueldelivery as described above is imperceptible to a driver because thefuel quantities can be very finely controlled by the control computer36, can be smoothed, and can be compensated for by an output from anadditional motor, or by varying the ratio on a CVT/multispeedtransmission 24. In certain embodiments, oscillation of the fueldelivery as described above is imperceptible to a driver because theinstruction to lessen, dampen, or cut fuel quantities occurs during ashort time period, for example, 50 milliseconds, while the instructionto provide additional quantities of fuel occurs during a longer timeperiod, for example, 250 milliseconds. In certain embodiments,oscillation of the fuel delivery as described above includes a ramp-upperiod of about 5-7 seconds while the engine 12 is coming up to speed,followed by oscillations where the instruction to provide additionalquantities of fuel occurs during a period of about 1-2 seconds, followedby the instruction to lessen, dampen, or cut fuel quantities that occursduring a time period of about 3-4 seconds, in reiterative fashion.

In certain embodiments, the above-noted fuel oscillation is stoppedduring periods of ‘hard’ acceleration. For example, when a userdepresses a gas pedal beyond a certain threshold and/or at a speed thatexceeds a certain threshold, the system may in that case cease to applythe second function so that a user may apply as much throttle with asmuch corresponding torque or power as is needed or desired.

In certain embodiments, when the engine torque T_(e) and engine speedS_(e) is above point A1 _(ii) and the driver input signal (or otherinput such as a cruise control signal) 54 indicates a depressedacceleration pedal (or other condition or pattern), the instruction toprovide additional quantities of fuel 14 will occur over a lesserduration during a specified time duration than the instruction to lessenquantities of fuel 14. In some embodiments, the overall result duringsuch fuel oscillation is that less fuel is consumed during a timeduration than if the engine either had proceeded with a wide-openthrottle, or had proceeded with only continuing periods of additionaland unrestricted fuel consumption. In some embodiments, the overallresult during such fuel oscillation is that less fuel is consumed duringa time duration than in a drive system without system 10.

In certain embodiments, when the engine torque T_(e) and engine speedS_(e) is above point A1 _(ii), the internal combustion engine system 10is configured to bring operation of the engine 12 back to within thezone of efficiency A1 _(i)-A1 _(ii). That is, when engine torque T_(e)and engine speed S_(e) is above point A1 _(ii), and there fails to be adriver input signal (or other input signal such as a cruise controlsignal) 54 indicating a depressed acceleration pedal (or other conditionor pattern indicating a required torque above point A1 _(ii)), theinstruction to provide additional quantities of fuel 14 will approximatea fuel quantity for mere minimal operation of engine 12, and will occurover a lesser duration during a specified time duration than theinstruction to lessen quantities of fuel 14.

In certain embodiments, EMG 16 is configured to be instructed by controlcomputer 36 via E/MG torque signal 42 to supplement the torque T_(e) ofengine 12 with electrical motor torque T_(m). For example, when torqueT_(e) and Speed S_(e) for engine 12 has reached point A1 _(ii) in FIG.2, and control computer 36 receives driver input 54 (which may be fromthe driver depressing the gas pedal, from a cruise control unit, or maybe derived from a usage history of the internal combustion engine system10) indicating greater speed is desired, control computer is configuredto instruct E/MG controller 22 via E/MG torque signal 42 to increase theamount of electrical motor torque T_(m) such that the engine 12 neverleaves zone of efficiency A1 _(i)-A1 _(ii), while still providing acombined electrical motor torque T_(m) and engine torque T_(e) thatexceeds that of point A1 In this situation, the EMG 16 and engine 12 maybe able to contribute to the movement of the vehicle independently.

In certain embodiments, EMG 16 is configured to be instructed by controlcomputer 36 via E/MG torque signal 42 to provide a majority of torquepower to CVT or multispeed transmission 24. For example, when torqueT_(e) and speed S_(e) of engine 12 is either below point A1 _(i) orabove point A1 _(ii) on power curve C1-C1, control computer 36 mayinstruct E/MG controller 22 through E/MG control signal 42 to have EMG16 produce some, most, or approximately all of the torque energy felt atCVT/multispeed transmission 24. Then, once engine 12 is operating withinzone of efficiency A1 _(i)-A1 _(ii), control computer 36 may instructE/MG 22 via E/MG control signal 42 to lessen the amount of T_(m) torqueproduced, to cease producing T_(m) torque, and/or to convert some ofT_(e) torque to electrical charging energy to charge battery 20 (battery20 may include a capacitor).

In certain embodiments, battery 20 is at least partially configured tobe charged from an alternator powered by engine 12. In certainembodiments, battery 20 is configured to be charged by electric motorgenerator 16 converting some or all of torque energy T_(e) (or engineoutput in general) to electrical charging energy. For instance, whenbattery monitoring system 50 notes a need to charge battery 20, depth ofdischarge (DOD) signal 48 notifies control computer 36. Control computer36 notes the need to charge battery 20, and during opportune moments(such as when a combined torque output of both T_(e) and T_(m) is notnecessary) E/MG controller 22 instructs electric motor generator 16 toconvert a portion of T_(e) from engine 12 to electrical charging energy.The electrical charging energy is then fed to battery/capacitor 20 forcharging. Similarly, a certain embodiment provides for recouping energycreated by braking or other deceleration to charge the battery/capacitor20.

In certain embodiments, control computer 36 is configured to process thefirst function 54 (that is, the driver input, cruise control input, orother input 54) approximately contemporaneously with reception of thefirst function at control computer 36. In certain embodiments, controlcomputer 36 is configured to process the first function substantiallyextemporaneously based on a history of the first function over time. Forexample, control computer 36 may take an instantaneous (e.g., onesecond) snapshot of first function/driver input 54. During that instant,the driver of the vehicle being run by internal combustion engine system10 may have just begun accelerating on a freeway on-ramp to enable amerge into on-coming traffic. This may be aided by various sensors inthe vehicle such as acceleration or yaw sensors.

Because the snapshot indicates that the driver desires acceleration,control computer 36 may process the first function/driver input signal54 and then extemporaneously apply the second function (discussed above)derived from the first function (discussed above) for a certain durationof time, for example, for five seconds, based upon the one secondreception of the first function. During that five seconds, controlcomputer 36 may control and manipulate the internal combustion enginesystem 10 in the manner discussed in relation to FIGS. 1 and 2, above,to achieve a savings in fuel 14.

In certain embodiments, a feedback loop is provided that is configuredto provide a display of information of possible fuel savings and/or theachievement of fuel savings. In certain embodiments, a user is providedwith a kill switch (for instance, switch 311 described in relation toFIG. 3) that is configured to withhold the second function from beingapplied to the engine 12, thereby allowing engine 12 to reach awide-open throttle across any engine revolving speed S_(e). In certainembodiments as described above, a hard acceleration request from a usermay also allow engine 12 to reach a wide-open throttle by withholdingthe second function.

Efficiency is examined herein as a function of power. Although power isdiscussed, other parameters could be used for implementation of thesecond function to produce a directive power output. The followingnon-exclusive list provides examples of such parameters: engine poweroutput, torque, horsepower, proportional air-fuel mixture, rate of fuelinjection, engine timing, throttle setting, the speed or velocity of afuel pump, the rate of exhaust, and alterations in the ignition of thefuel, among others.

Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the controlmethods, policies and/or algorithms of certain embodiments may beimplemented on any conventional computer system under processor controlusing conventional programming techniques in any of hardware, software,or firmware. Further, those skilled in the art will readily appreciatethat the control methods, policies and/or algorithms of certainembodiments may be implemented on any internal combustion engine, jetengine, motor boat engine, diesel engine, hybrid combustion-electricengine, and the like.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram useful for describing certain embodiments,including a method of conserving fuel for an engine. Block 301represents providing a first function comprising a user-specified outputof an engine over a time period to an engine power module, for example,the first function as discussed in relation to FIG. 2. Block 303represents processing (or extrapolating) the first function into asecond function comprising a directive power output over a timeduration. In certain embodiments, the second function may comprise atleast one region of equal or increased engine power output relative tothe user-specified engine power output, and also at least one region ofdecreased engine power output relative to the user-specified enginepower output. An example of a second function is that as discussed inrelation to FIG. 2. As shown in that figure, the second function maycomprise a directive power output T_(e) of engine 12 for a time durationand the second function may be delivered to engine 12 via enginethrottle signal 38. The second function may include a region of equal orincreased power output and a region of decreased power output inrelation to the first function. That is, in certain embodiments thesecond function represents a modified version (or extrapolation) of thefirst function after having undergone further processing.

Block 305 illustrates the inclusion, in certain embodiments, of a killswitch 311, or a user-provided input 311, that overrides potential fuelsavings and allows up to a maximum torque such as that provided by awide-open throttle. In a certain embodiment comprising the features ofblock 305, a display may provide information regarding present fuelsavings (or the possibility of fuel savings). A user may determine thatat that particular moment the engine needs to provide maximum output(e.g., power, torque) and/or speed, and therefore engages switch 311. Incertain embodiments, switch 311 may be a threshold on an acceleratorpedal, whereupon if the user depresses the pedal past the threshold interms of either how quick the pedal is depressed and/or how far thepedal is depressed, the switch is engaged. Switch 311 provides an inputto a processing module, such as processing module 36 shown in FIG. 1A,and when the user has determined to override any fuel savings orpotential fuel savings, processing module 36 allows the engine to beoperated by the user in an unconstrained fashion, that is, to be usedfor possibly maximum output and/or speed. In other words, the operatoris allowed to operate the engine without the directive power output ofthe second function being applied.

In certain embodiments, the function represented by switch 311 is a“true” off switch. That is, once the switch 311 is engaged, the operatoris allowed to operate the engine without the directive power output ofthe second function being applied until the operator re-engages theswitch 311. In certain embodiments, once the switch 311 is engaged by anoperator (and not re-engaged during a course of driving by theoperator), the switch is re-engaged by the vehicle automatically uponthe engine 12 being turned off and then back on. In certain embodiments,when a user-provided input indicates a high demand for vehicle speed(such as by a user “flooring” a gas pedal), the switch 311 causes adirective engine power output (for instance, that output illustrated bythe dashed line in FIG. 5) to cease oscillations above and below theuser-specified engine power output (for instance, that outputillustrated by the solid line in FIG. 5). In certain embodiments, switch311 is an engagement switch, i.e., when a user turns the vehicle on, thesecond function is not automatically implemented but is implemented oncea user engages switch 311.

Block 307 represents a certain embodiment, where a user may be providedwith fuel savings information, and based on that information the usermay decide to not engage kill switch 311 while nonetheless engaging anacceleration pedal, thereby informing, for instance, processing module36 that additional torque output is desired while either maintaining orincreasing a fuel savings. In such an instance, processing module 36 mayinstruct an electric torque generator (such as electric motor generator16 shown in FIG. 1A) to supplement the torque generated by the engine.

Block 309 represents at least a couple of scenarios. First, in a certainembodiment, the processing module 36 may determine that the user isdesiring less torque and/or speed, as provided by the first inputdiscussed in relation to FIG. 2. In that instance, processing module 36may lessen fuel to the engine to achieve a fuel savings. In anotherscenario for a certain embodiment represented by block 309, a user mayprovide an input to processing module 36 by means of a cruise control,or by simply maintaining a present speed for a certain period (such asfive seconds), and based on that input the processing module 36 maydetermine that an electric torque generator (such as electric motorgenerator 16) may increase its output to maintain a consistent torque orspeed as experienced by a user, while still lessening fuel to the engineto achieve a fuel savings. Finally, in a certain embodiment representedby block 309, the processing module 36 may determine that auser-specified increase, such as a depressed accelerator pedal, fallswithin a range whereby the electric generator is capable of increasingtotal torque output while diminishing the torque output of the engine bylessening fuel, thereby achieving a fuel savings.

FIG. 4A is a graph that illustrates some embodiments including the useof torque/output power/acceleration as a determinant of efficiency inview of a period of acceleration over time. As shown in the figure,prior to point 401 the directive engine power output (shown by thedashed line) oscillates both above and below the user-specified enginepower output (shown by the solid line). Between points 401 and 404 liestime frame 405. During time frame 405 the directive power outputcomprises a region of both increased and decreased engine power outputrelative to the user-specified engine power output. For example, timeframe 406 comprises a directed engine power output that is,substantially, greater than the user-specified engine power output.

Further, the time between points 401 and 402 reflects a region ofdecreased directive engine power output relative to the user-specifiedengine power output. Point 403 reflects a peak oscillation of thedirective engine power output. Area 411 represents a region where, basedon the user accelerating beyond a particular threshold, the system mayallow a user to operate the engine without the directive power output ofthe second function being applied, for instance, in cases of urgencywhere a user needs a substantially wide-open throttle. In certainembodiments under these circumstances, a user depresses a gas pedalbeyond a threshold. By going beyond the threshold (either a physicalthreshold, such as past a physical point, or a virtual threshold, suchas beyond a particular speed), the system allows the operator to use thevehicle without the directive power output of the second function beingapplied.

Mathematics may be used to describe certain embodiments including thesituation where a user is either constantly accelerating a vehicle ormaintaining a steady velocity. Consider the user-specified input to be afirst function, F₁. Further consider that n as an index for the numberof a particular discrete sample in an integer series (e.g., 0, 1, 2, . .. n) equals a number, and that T is a transform to apply to the firstfunction to arrive at a second function, F₂, that comprises a directivepower output. In certain embodiments F₂ may comprise the directive poweroutput illustrated by the dotted lines in any of FIG. 4A, 4B, 5, 6A, 6B,7A, or 7B. This may be shown as expressed below.F ₂(n)=TF ₁(n)

Further consider that in some embodiments the transform T comprises(ke^(−2πiΩ(n-d))−Z), where T may be equal to a constant k times anexponential function, e, where e is an inverse of a natural log that,along with its exponent, makes the second function oscillate. Additionalvariables shown include the imaginary number i, and Ω as arepresentation of frequency in cycles per sample interval. The variabled is a constant and is an integer that may include zero (e.g., 0, 1, 2,. . . d). If d is a positive integer, it provides a true time delay. Ifd is negative, it provides a non-causal product because F₂(n) depends onfuture samples (e.g., n+1 or n+2). The variable Z is a constant thatprovides an offset for the final directive power output. When Z ispositive, the offset moves “down” with respect to efficiency (or otherparameter along the y axis). When Z is negative, the offset moves “up.”Note that Z could be zero. Note that in some embodiments d is optionallyimplemented as a delay, and that the offset provided by Z may be used toprovide, on average, less power output than the user-specified function,F₁. In some embodiments, d=0.

The graph of FIG. 4A may also be explained mathematically for a certainembodiment comprising the situation where a user is constantlyaccelerating a vehicle. Consider that in some embodiments the firstfunction comprises a straight line segment of slope S representingconstant acceleration. In some embodiments, slope S of theuser-specified output over time is shown by the solid line in FIG. 4A.This may be expressed as shown below.F ₁(n)=Sn

In view of some embodiments where a user is constantly accelerating avehicle as described above, the derived second function may be expressedas provided below.F ₂(n)=TSn=(ke ^(−2πiΩ(n-d)) −Z)Sn

Note that the variable n may equal one or more distinct time periodst_(o) . . . t_(n) (shown on the graph of FIG. 4A as Time 1 through Time15). Also note that n is a discrete integer. In certain embodiments theabove-featured processing algorithm may be used during any instance ofacceleration or deceleration. Furthermore, note that while the y axis ofthe graph of FIG. 4A (in addition to subsequent graphs as shown in laterfigures) represents power, the y axis may represent other quantities,such as fuel consumption, engine revolutions per minute, or velocity ofthe vehicle.

FIG. 4B is a graph that illustrates some embodiments similar to FIG. 4A.As shown in FIG. 4B, the directive engine power output (shown by thedashed line) oscillates between being substantially equal to theuser-specified function, and being below the user-specified engine poweroutput (shown by the solid line).

The graphs of FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B, 7A, and/or 7B may be explainedmathematically for certain embodiments implementing a cruise control orlike device for producing substantially constant velocity. An algorithmfor a cruise control device, as provided below, is similar to thatalgorithm described above, but comprises a constant C. Constant Crepresents, for example, a substantially constant input of theuser-supplied function F₁ shown by the solid lines in FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B,7A and 7B. In certain embodiments F₂ may comprise the directive poweroutput illustrated by the dotted lines in FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B.The first function in this embodiment may be described as shown below.F ₁(n)=C

In this embodiment, the derived second function may be expressed asshown below.F ₂(n)=TC=(ke ^(−2πiΩ(n-d)) −Z)C

In certain embodiments the above-featured processing algorithms may beused to extrapolate a particular predictive driving behavior. Forinstance, the transform T may be used to analyze ten discrete and equaltime periods of a few hundred milliseconds each. A result of thetransform may then be determined by a controller or a processor, andembodiments of the subject technology may then apply the secondfunction, F₂, for a certain period of time, for instance, five seconds,with a rolling window of continued application of the second function.That is, the above-noted transform may be repeatedly applied on arolling basis until a known end event, such as a user applying a brakepedal, applying a switch, pressing the accelerator pedal past a physicalthreshold or past a speed threshold, or another event.

FIG. 5 is a graph that illustrates some embodiments including the use oftorque/output power/acceleration as a determinant of efficiency in viewof a substantially steady velocity that is maintained (or anticipated tobe maintained), for example, during application of a cruise controlinput as a first, user-supplied function. As shown in the figure, thedirective engine power output (shown by the dashed line) oscillates bothabove and below the user-specified engine power output (shown by thesolid line). At point in time 9, a user has provided a cruise controlinput that is intended to maintain the speed/velocity of the vehicle.After point 9 the directive power output comprises a region of bothincreased and decreased engine power output relative to theuser-specified engine power output and includes oscillations equal to,above and below the user-supplied function.

The graph of FIG. 5 after point 9 may also be explained mathematicallyfor a certain embodiment as a function of power and time. For instance,assume that at point 9, a directive power function, F_(d), applies toboth power (p) and time (t). The controller 36 (from FIG. 1A, forexample) applies the directive power function F_(d) as a function ofboth (p) and (t), and extrapolates a projected directive power outputover a certain time period. For example, assuming that each time periodreflected in FIG. 5 is a discrete moment, for example, 1 second, andthat a representative power output is located at each discrete moment intime, then F_(d)(p1, t1)=F_(d)(100 watts, 1 second), and F_(d)(p2,t2)=F_(d)(150 watts, 1 second), etc. . . . through F_(d)(p_(n), t_(n)) .. . , then the controller 36 in certain embodiments, extrapolates afuture directive power output for a future time period, for example, 4seconds. For instance, in certain embodiments, the controller 36 hasmeasured the user-provided input as a first function, and based on acontinuity of that input for a certain period (for example, 2 seconds)with a steady engine revolving speed and substantially constant velocity(for instance, as provided by a cruise control input), the controller 36extrapolates that the velocity will be maintained for at least 1 cycle,which in the example shown in FIG. 5 represents 4 seconds, or the timeframe from time periods 9 to 13.

The extrapolation shown in FIG. 5, as monitored and controlled bycontroller 36, continues past point 13 based on the fact that theuser-provided input indicates, as viewed from a short, historicalperspective (for example, a second) that the engine revolving speed andthe vehicle velocity should continue in status quo fashion for a setfuture length of time. Although watts are described above, one of skillin the art would comprehend that other qualifiers could be used, such aspower out divided by power in, or foot/lbs, or another measure of power.

In certain embodiments where the controller 36 receives a first functionthat comprising a user-specified power output of the engine 12 overtime, the first function may be a cruise control setting for velocitythat is derivable into a power output of the engine over time. Further,either of the first or second functions discussed above may be derivedfrom either of a series of data points over time, or a single data pointover time. If the function is derived from a single data point overtime, it may be a constant data point, or it may be a data point thatchanges over time, for example, a cruise control may provide a singledata point that remains constant or changes over time, or it may providemultiple data points that remain constant or change over time. Thevehicle may experience varying loads due to variations in terrain orwind.

FIG. 6A is a graph that illustrates some embodiments including the useof torque/output power/acceleration as a determinant of efficiency inview of a substantially steady velocity that is maintained (oranticipated to be maintained), for example, during application of acruise control input as a first, user-supplied function. As shown in thefigure, the directive engine power output (shown by the dashed line)oscillates between being substantially equal to the user-specifiedfunction, and being below the user-specified engine power output (shownby the solid line). FIG. 6A also reflects certain embodiments where thedirective power output has been smoothed, for instance with a binomial,Savitzky-Golay, moving, or other averaging process or algorithm that maymake it difficult or even impossible for a user to detect that thedirective power output is oscillating. An example using the movingaverage would simply replace each data value along the time line of thedirective engine power output with the average of neighboring values. Toavoid an unintended shift in the data, the neighboring values should beaveraged using the same methodology.

FIG. 6B is a graph that illustrates some embodiments similar to FIG. 6A.As shown in FIG. 6B, the constant C of the user-supplied function F₁ islower than the constant C as illustrated in FIG. 6A. In certainembodiments, the momentum of a vehicle may be capitalized to maintainthe vehicle at a desired velocity without having to utilize additionalenergy. This may be referred to as coasting. For example, the valleys ofthe directive engine power output may represent instances when thevehicle is coasting to save on fuel consumption and yet, maintain asteady velocity (e.g., from cruise control). Less fuel may be consumedbecause more time may be spent in a zone of efficiency for the engine.Furthermore, coasting may result in a reduced power input, which maytranslate into a decreased heat output of the engine resulting in a moreefficient engine (e.g., less energy in the form of heat is lost). Insuch a case, air conditioning and other cooling requirements may bedecreased or relaxed and may increase driver comfort. In certainembodiments, electrical energy from the electric motor may be applied tokeep the vehicle at a desired velocity when the vehicle is consumingreduced fuel energy (e.g., during a valley of the directive engine poweroutput).

FIG. 7A is a graph that illustrates certain embodiments where thedirective power output has been smoothed, for instance as described inrelation to FIG. 6A, but wherein the directive power output isinstructed to oscillate between slightly above the user-specifiedfunction to below the user-specified function. FIG. 7B is a graph thatillustrates some embodiments similar to FIG. 7A. As shown in FIG. 7B,the constant C of the user-supplied function F₁ is lower than theconstant C as illustrated in FIG. 7A. For example, FIG. 7B mayillustrate an example where the vehicle may be traveling at a desiredsteady velocity. In some embodiments, the engine speed may be operatingbelow a zone of efficiency. The directive engine power output may becontrolled such that the engine speed can be increased above what wouldbe needed to achieve the desired velocity (e.g., during a peak of thedirective engine power output) to reach the zone of efficiency. Then theexcess energy generated can be stored in and/or used to charge battery20 (including the capacitor). When the directive engine power output ismodulated such that the power output is decreased (e.g., during a valleyof the directive engine power output), electrical energy from thebattery 20 may be used (e.g., through the electric motor) to maintainthe desired velocity of the vehicle. The changes in engine speed may beperceptible to a user. According to certain embodiments, electricalenergy may be used to dampen or balance the modulation of the directiveengine power output such that the modulation is not as perceptible to auser via supplemental output from an electric motor. In certainembodiments, the modulation of the directive engine power output mayrepresent a repetition of acceleration followed by coasting to maintainthe desired steady velocity. In some embodiments, electrical energy froman electric motor may not be needed to achieve the desired velocity.

In some embodiments, the subject technology may be applicable to avehicle traveling at low velocities (e.g., city driving speeds belowabout 35 miles per hour). In some embodiments, the subject technologymay be applicable to a vehicle traveling at high velocities (e.g.,highway driving speeds above about 35 miles per hour). In someembodiments, other energy (e.g., electrical energy from an electricmotor) may be used to supplement fuel energy at either low or highvelocities.

In certain embodiments, with respect to references to power and torqueas used herein, power may be used instead of torque and vice versa.Those of skill in the art would understand that motors and/or enginesmay generate both torque and power as outputs. Thus, the reference tooutput, as used herein, may comprise torque and/or power. According tocertain embodiments, the subject technology may be practiced with eithertorque as an output or power as an output, without departing from thescope of the present invention. In some embodiments, torque may refer tothe force used to rotate an object (e.g., tendency of force to rotate anobject about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot). In some embodiments, power mayrefer to the work per unit time (e.g., rate at which work is performed,energy is transmitted, or the amount of energy needed or expended for agiven unit of time).

Although the description above contains many specificities, these shouldnot be construed as limiting the scope of the inventions but as merelyproviding illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments.Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the presentinventions fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obviousto those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the presentinventions are accordingly to be limited by nothing other than theappended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is notintended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, butrather “one or more.” All structural, chemical, and functionalequivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodimentthat are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expresslyincorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed bythe present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or methodto address each and every problem sought to be solved by the inventions,for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element,component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to bededicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, ormethod step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element hereinis to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112, sixthparagraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase“means for.”

It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy or steps in theprocesses disclosed herein are merely exemplary illustrations andapproaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that anyspecific order or hierarchy of steps in the process may be re-arranged.Some of the steps may be performed simultaneously.

The previous description is provided to enable persons of ordinary skillin the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Variousmodifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied toother aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to theaspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistentwith the claim language. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used forconvenience only and do not limit the inventions. All structural andfunctional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects describedthroughout the disclosure that are known or later come to be known tothose of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by theinventions.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method for conserving fuelused by an engine, the method comprising: receiving, by a computersystem, a first function comprising a user-specified power output of anengine over a time duration; processing, by the computer system, thefirst function into a second function comprising a directive poweroutput of the engine over the time duration, wherein the second functioncomprises a plurality of regions of decreased power output relative tothe user-specified power output, wherein the second function comprises aplurality of regions of increased power output relative to the pluralityof regions of decreased power output, wherein the second functionincludes cyclical oscillations comprising the plurality of regions ofdecreased power output and the plurality of regions of increased poweroutput that comprise a same waveform; and directing the engine to outputpower according to the directive power output of the engine over thetime duration, wherein, when the engine outputs power according to thedirective power output of the engine over the time duration, the engineuses less fuel than the engine would have used if the engine outputtedpower according to the user-specified power output of the engine overthe time duration, wherein the engine remains engaged during theplurality of regions of decreased power output when the engine outputspower according to the directive power output of the engine over thetime duration, and wherein the computer system comprises a computerprocessor and an electronic storage medium.
 2. The method of claim 1,further comprising outputting, by the computer system, the secondfunction to an engine control unit configured to control power output ofthe engine such that the engine outputs power according to the directivepower output over the time duration.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinan engine control unit comprises the computer processor of the computersystem, the engine control module configured to direct the engine tooutput power according to the directive power output over the timeduration.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the engine control module,in response to receiving the second function, is configured to instructthe engine to lessen quantities of fuel to an internal combustionchamber during the plurality of regions of decreased power output or toincrease quantities of fuel to the internal combustion chamber duringthe plurality of regions of increased power output.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein a vehicle comprises the engine, and wherein the secondfunction is configured to substantially maintain a desired speed of thevehicle using at least partly momentum of the vehicle.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the desired speed is substantially constant over thetime duration.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising changingshift ratios by a continuously variable transmission, wherein the changein shift ratios mitigates variations in momentum caused by the cyclicaloscillations.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising supplementingpower output of the engine with a second power output from a generatorwhile the engine outputs power according to the directive power outputof the engine, wherein the second power output of the generator isconfigured to compensate for the plurality of regions of decreased poweroutput of the engine such that modulations of the directive power outputof the engine are dampened.
 9. A computer-implemented engine controlsystem comprising: one or more computer readable storage devicesconfigured to store a plurality of computer executable instructions; andone or more hardware computer processors in communication with the oneor more computer readable storage devices and configured to execute theplurality of computer executable instructions in order to cause thesystem to: receive a first function comprising a first power output ofthe engine over a time duration; process the first function into asecond function comprising a second power output of the engine over thetime duration, wherein the second function comprises a plurality ofregions of decreased power output relative to the first power output anda plurality of regions of increased power output relative to theplurality of regions of decreased power output, wherein the secondfunction includes cyclical oscillations comprising the plurality ofregions of decreased power output and the plurality of regions ofincreased power output over the time duration; and direct the engine tooutput power according to the second power output of the engine over thetime duration, wherein, when the engine outputs power according to thesecond power output of the engine over the time duration, the engineuses less fuel than the engine would have used if the engine outputtedpower according to the first power output of the engine over the timeduration, and wherein the engine remains engaged during the plurality ofregions of decreased power output.
 10. The system of claim 9, whereinthe system is further caused to direct the engine to output poweraccording to the second power output over the time duration.
 11. Thesystem of claim 10, wherein the system, in response to receiving thesecond function, is further caused to instruct the engine to lessenquantities of fuel to an internal combustion chamber during theplurality of regions of decreased power output or to increase quantitiesof fuel to the internal combustion chamber during the plurality ofregions of increased power output.
 12. The system of claim 9, wherein avehicle comprises the engine, and wherein the second function isconfigured to substantially maintain a desired speed of the vehicle. 13.The system of claim 12, wherein the desired speed is substantiallyconstant over the time duration.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein thesystem is further caused to change shift ratios of a continuouslyvariable transmission, and wherein the change in shift ratios mitigatesvariations in momentum caused by the cyclical oscillations.
 15. Thesystem of claim 9, wherein the system is further caused to direct agenerator to supplement power output of the engine with a second poweroutput from the generator while the engine outputs power according tothe second power output of the engine, wherein the second power outputof the generator is configured to compensate for the plurality ofregions of decreased power output of the engine such that modulations ofthe second power output of the engine are dampened.
 16. An energyefficiency control system for an engine, the system comprising: one ormore computer readable storage devices configured to store a pluralityof computer executable instructions; and one or more hardware computerprocessors in communication with the one or more computer readablestorage devices and configured to execute the plurality of computerexecutable instructions in order to cause the system to: access a firstfunction corresponding to a first power output of an engine over a timeduration; and direct the engine to output power according to a secondfunction corresponding to a second power output of the engine over thetime duration, wherein the second function has cyclical oscillationscomprising a plurality of regions of decreased power output relative tothe first power output of the engine over the time duration and aplurality of regions of increased power output relative to the pluralityof regions of decreased power output over the time duration, and whereinthe engine is engaged during the plurality of regions of decreased poweroutput.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the system is further causedto direct the engine to output power according to the second poweroutput over the time duration.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein avehicle comprises the engine, and wherein the second function isconfigured to substantially maintain a desired speed of the vehicle. 19.The system of claim 18, wherein the desired speed is substantiallyconstant over the time duration.
 20. The system of claim 16, wherein thesystem is further caused to control change in shift ratios of acontinuously variable transmission, and wherein the change in shiftratios mitigate variations in momentum caused by the cyclicaloscillations.